Continuing education of a Tech Leader

Education does not conclude once one leaves the halls of academia. True learning begins when classroom theories confront real-world challenges. Here, I outline the framework I've employed to foster continuous growth and learning. I identified gaps in my own formal education, particularly in finance and the liberal arts, which I sought to fill post-graduation. Moreover, in the fast-changing realm of technology, it is important to remain on top of my latest development. Also, my tenure at companies like Hughes, Openwave, Microsoft, and Amazon provided me with an invaluable, immersive learning experience.

When I advise and mentor technical leaders who manage people and products, here are the broad areas I ask them to look at, to help them keep learning on the job, and what has worked for me so far.

Stay updated on your domain. There are three aspects to stay in touch with. The first is the basic sciences: this includes reading the academic papers around an emerging science. That is how I first learned about  quantum computing, DNA computers, or CRISPR, for example. These are long-lead time research, many of which may not find a mass-market product in our lifetime, but many of them will. Thinking about interesting research and asking "how would this be available to the masses in the form of a product?" is always an interesting exercise. I never start a day by asking "what academic papers will I read today?". Instead, I frequently stumble upon something through my regular reading (Wall Street Journal, New York Times, The Economist, Nature, Scientific American) that then leads me to go deeper into the basic research.  I scan the ACM and IEEE journals for interesting papers. I also read the research of Nobel Prize winners in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, and Economics every year.

The second is the technical innovation that is coming out of universities and business as a result of focussed funding that is more "product-ready" but don't yet have mass-market adoption. For example, I follow very closely what the MIT Media Lab is up to. I have been following the latest in brain computer interface for almost a decade, including trying out experimental products. 

The third is the immediate trends coming out of the industry that quickly get mass adoption. For example, I learned Java weeks after Sun announced it: I was in college then. I downloaded the iOS and the Android SDKs when they were released, and learned by building apps myself. I follow the developments in the open source community closely: especially in languages (Python), web infrastructure (Chromium and Webkit), operating systems, and AI. Coursera has courses in partnership with the top universities that can help one state updated on the latest.

Finance. I was advised by a mentor very early in my career to learn the basics of finance and accounting. One could always take a course from the local community college or Coursera, or from a textbook. I was recommended Finance and Accounting for Non-financial managers by Edward Fields, and it was a good start. After that, at work, I made sure that I always spent time with my finance partner to understand the basics of how the business or the division I am in makes money (or plans to make money). As part of my investing due-diligence, I make it a point to read the financial reports of the company (going back at least 3 years) I am investing in. Understanding what every line item in the financial statement means has also given me insights. I also make it a point to read every line in the footnotes. I spend time reading the annual reports of the tech companies that I track (the usual suspects) and get to learn from that.

Investing basics. The two people who influenced my thinking around investing were Benjamin Graham (The Intelligent Investor) and Burton Malkiel (A Random Walk down Wall Street). Benjamin Graham's Security Analysis is a comprehensive guide on how to analyze securities and the companies behind them. In 2005-2006, I remember trying to apply his model to my own stock picking and used to be surprised at how few stocks met the criteria he had. That changed a bit in 2009, after the crash. Graham's "margin of safety" and "in the short term, the market is a voting machine and in the long run it is a weighing machine" has been a big influence on how I look at capital markets. Which brings us to learning from Warren Buffet and Charlie Munger. It is a delight to read Berkshire Hathaway's annual shareholder letters every year. John Bogle's (Vanguard's founder, Common Sense on mutual funds) thinking has been a later influence as well.

Management principles. A big part of management is doing, practicing, and learning from mistakes through introspection. Peter Drucker has been my inspiration and guide on thinking about management as a practice. I would recommend anyone in management to read everything that Peter Drucker has written, just not once, but over and over again. Ram Charan's book on Execution is a great add on top of that. The two authors (and their principles) that influenced me a lot very early (from my college days) were Dale Carnegie (How to win friends and influence people) and Stephen Covey (The 7 habits of highly effective people). On strategy, my earlier influences were Jim Collins (From Good to Great) and Clayton Christensen (The Innovator's Dilemma). On operations, my early influences were Akio Morita (Made in Japan), Lee Iocacca, and Jack Welch; although these days, I am having second thoughts about Jack Welch's management style and his long-term impact in GE. On tech, I have closely followed Microsoft and Apple and where they have been placing bets. I have followed Bill Gates' and Steve Job's thinking on how to build products and how to build and protect moats. And, of course, learning first-hand from Jeff Bezos has been an incredible opportunity and a privilege. I would recommend reading the Amazon annual shareholder letters too. Over the years, I have read books by, or autobiographies and biographies of founders from JRD Tata to Peter Thiel to help me understand how to build and operate a successful business. Harvard Business Review is also a great resource to stay on top of the latest thinking on management principles and how to apply them in real life.

Economics and how capitalism works. We operate in a capitalist economy. Therefore, learning the basics of how capitalism works in practice helps one understand our foundation. The best (but long) book to understand the system is Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations. David Ricardo's On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation is a great read too. John Maynard Keynes' works, especially, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money helped me understand the Great Depression and how the different components of the economy interact. I would recommend John K. Galbraith's American Capitalism: the concept of countervailing power and his other works. And to balance that, I would recommend Milton Friedman's Capitalism and Freedom.  Joseph Schumpeter's Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy introduced the concept of "creative destruction" around the time (1942) when the future of that world order was in question. To understand the case against capitalism, one can always read Das Kapital, or Thomas Piketty's 21st century version. A friend introduced me to Jane Jacobs' works and I found her Cities and the Wealth of Nations very insightful.

Among modern economists, Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything, by Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner helped change the way I look at things and look beyond the obvious answers to problems.  One thing to keep in mind is that Economics is not an exact science like Physics, so multiple theories often claim contradictory things. In a given year, the Nobel Prize in Economics can be shared by two people, one of whom would show that markets can be irrational (Robert Shiller: Irrational Exuberance) and the other would show that markets always price in all available information (Eugene Fama: efficient-market hypothesis). Yale University has one of Robert Shiller's economics classes on Financial markets (Econ-252) available on YouTube: and that is a delight to watch and learn from. My current thinking is being influenced by Mark Blyth (Austerity: the history of a dangerous idea, Angrynomics) and Nassim Nicholas Taleb (Black Swan, Fooled by Randomness, Anti-Fragile, Skin in the Game). Mark Blyth is a great speaker and I recommend watching his lectures to understand the economics and politics of the last ten years: especially "Why people vote for those who work against their interests". 

Psychology. Understanding human psychology and motivation is essential for leadership. Dale Carnegie's book (mentioned earlier) has been one of my earliest introduction to how to influence by understanding motivation and incentives. I would strongly recommend reading Daniel Kahneman's and Amos Tversky's research on framing of decisions, judgement under uncertainty, and cognitive bias to anyone who is managing people and products. Of course, Kahneman's book: Thinking Fast and Slow is also on my "must read multiple times" list. Michael Lewis' Undoing project goes behind the details of their collaboration. Malcolm Gladwell's Tipping Point and Blink: The Power of thinking without thinking are great books on understanding the world around us and what goes on inside our brains. 

History. "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it", the saying goes. As well as "History doesn't repeat, but rhymes". I have two simultaneous approaches of learning history. One is depth-first and the other is breadth-first. For depth, I recommend learning the history of where one is living and working in, as well as where one is from (if that is different). That gives the depth to understand oneself, as well as the environment one is operating in. For the breadth, I recommend understanding how different parts of the world have been interconnected since the ancient times, and how multiple cultures, empires, and nations interacted with other; what mistakes they made; how they rose and fell; and also the biographies of individuals who made outsized contributions. I like to read military history to understand strategy and effective leadership: how great commanders and generals plan their steps to attain their objective, and how they inspire and lead people towards that objective. 

Philosophy. I have approached philosophy to learn about models or frameworks to explain how the world operates, or how it should operate. I read Plato's Republic a few years after graduating and the debates about justice, ethics, rationality, and reality helped me with the framework of how to think in abstractions about human issues. Artistotle's (who was Alexander the Great's teacher) works helped me understand how to apply abstract concepts in practice. I later read Avicenna and Al-Ghazali and realized how Arab philosophers ended up being a bridge between the ancient Greco-Roman world and the modern world and were essentially of the same tradition. Maimonides' works was my introduction to the Jewish tradition and how he connected the tradition with European philosophy. Reading Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau gave me an understanding of the philosophical underpinnings of today's liberal democratic society. Reading René Descartes, Francis Bacon, Karl Popper, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant helped me understand the foundations of the philosophy behind modern science.

Statecraft and geopolitics. There are two reasons why I recommend learning the nuances of statecraft and geopolitics. The first is because it gives a leader the philosophical and the operational framework to operate at scale. The second is because geopolitics impacts businesses and markets. So, trying to understand the motivations of the people and the leaders of where one is doing business in helps in staying prepared for, and even predict events. From the ancient eastern world, I recommend Kautilya's Arthashastra and Sun Tzu's Art of War. Incidentally, the US Army War college has a course that covers Arthashastra. From the medieval world, I recommend Machiavelli's Prince and Discourses. For modern geopolitics, I recommend Henry Kissinger's On China and World Order. Peter Zeihan and George Friedman's recent books have been interesting reads too.

Classics. By classics, I don't mean studying just the ancient Roman and Greek literature, but I also mean studying the literature and the culture of some of the modern nations that have shaped the contemporary world. I would recommend Homer's great epics: Iliad and Odyssey, to anyone operating in the western world. Ancient India's two great epics: Ramayana ("The story of Rama") and the Mahabharata ("The Great India") is a great way to understand ancient India. Anglo-Saxons have Beowulf and the Old Norse Sagas, and Persians have the epic of Gilgamesh and Shahnameh. William Shakespeare's plays have been a lesson in human behavior and English history for me, as well a source of great quotes. His historical plays: Richard II, Henry IV (Parts 1 and 2), Henry V, Henry VI (Parts 1, 2, 3), and Richard III are a great way to understand English history and the complexities of leadership. 

Religion, spirituality, and introspection. I always recommend learning and understanding the basics of one's own religious tradition, even if one is an atheist. Over millennia, religion carried the nuggets and pearls of the collective wisdom of a society, for better or for worse. In almost every ancient society, the priests were also the teachers and had an influence on how society was structured and run. They were frequently the only literate people. Most of Europe's earliest universities were founded by and run by the clergy. For me, the Upanishads (including The Bhagavad Gita) have been a great guide for understanding reality and understanding myself. I have found Sufism (through the poetry of poets like Rumi) re-iterating similar principles. I would recommend anyone operating in the western world to read the Bible. Among modern spiritual teachers, I have found Eckhart Tolle's books very good. Music been a source of rejuvenation and energy for me.

This was a short summary of what and how I have been learning over the last 25 years. If you have read this far, do share with me your own framework of how you keep learning. 

Books I read in 2022

 It was a busy first half of 2023, so it took me a while to write up my 2022 book list.

Discourses, by Niccolo Machiavelli. When we one says Machiavelli, we think of The Prince. But Discourses is the longer and a more dynamic book that articulates the principles of the state and republican government. It starts with a commentary of Titus Livy's history of republican Rome, and the sets up how cities, states, governments get established and preserved. The short chapters (especially in book 1) around principles of administration and policy ("he who proposes to change an old-established form of government in a free city should retain at least the shadow of its ancient customs", "those who setup a tyranny are no less blameworthy than are the founders of a republic or a kingdom praiseworthy", "a weak prince who succeeds an outstanding prince can hold his own, but a weak prince who succeeds another weak prince cannot hold any kingdom") makes the book great for quick and partial re-reading. Some of the things he re-iterates about outstanding princes apply to modern CEOs too.

The book is also very quotable. In book 2, he says "... for money cannot find good soldiers, but good soldiers will be sure to find money ..." and I thought that one could say the same thing for software engineers. In book 1, he says "... in every republic there are two different dispositions, that of the populace and that of the upper class and that all legislation favourable to liberty is brought about by the clash between them..."

The Machiavellians: Defenders of Freedom, by James Burnham: This came recommended from a podcast I sometimes listen to. James Burnham was a philosopher and political theorist who started as a Trotskyist but eventually became a leader of the American conservative movement, becoming a regular contributor and editor of William F. Buckley's National Review magazine. The book is a commentary on the works of Machiavelli and on Dante's de Monarchia, and of four modern philosophers that Burnhams calls "The Machiavellians". They are Gaetano Mosca, Georges Sorel, Robert Michels, and Vilfredo Pareto (the Pareto of the 80-20 rule). Mosca, Michels, and Pareto are cofounders of the Italian school of elitism. Burnham then summarizes their principles in a section titled Politics and the Truth. In that section, in the chapter on Democracy, he explores both the self-government meaning of democracy and that of liberty: the freedom to criticize and the existence of a public opposition to check the power of the governing elite.

The Back Channel: A Memoir of American Diplomacy and the Case for Its Renewal, by William J. Burns: This is one of the best books I read to understand the foreign policy choices of both the George HW Bush (41) and George W Bush (43) administrations. He was the US ambassador to Russia from 2005 to 2008. This book, along with Michael McFaul's memoirs (US Ambassador to Russia 2012-2014) gave me a good first hand understanding of the Russia of today. William J Burns is now the CIA director, but he had a long career in the State Department. The key takeaway from the book is how the backchannel, or the informal relationships between leaders and diplomats are a big part of how foreign policy is conducted. 

Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World, by Jack Weatherford: This is a re-read. But the third (or was it the fourth?) reading made me realize a few more things that I had missed in the earlier reading. Especially around religious tolerance, forging a nation out of warring tribes, communicating across large distance, and setting standards around diplomatic immunity. For example, to ensure error-free (and hard to intercept) communication of military orders, the Mongol army orders were composed in rhymes to ensure that messages was easily memorized and repeated to every soldier as exactly as they were originally spoken. The other realization I had is that the Mongols did not glorify death in battle, so most of their battle plans centered around ensuring the survival of the Mongol core.

The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan, by Ayesha Jalal: This is the book version of Ayesha Jalal's PhD dissertation. This is admirably researched and very well analyzed, starting with the demographics of different provinces of undivided India, the separate political journeys of Congress and Muslim League, and that of Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan. I have always been interested in blow by blow accounts of how India got divided on the basis of religion, but it has left me confused on the definition of nationhood and secularism in the South Asian context; as well as how a democracy should operate in a multi-ethnic, multi-religious society. It is just unfortunate that the founders of India and Pakistan couldn't agree on a single model. 

The Storm Before the Calm: America's Discord, the Coming Crisis of the 2020s, and the Triumph Beyond, by George Friedman. George Friedman is a geopolitical strategist and found of Stratfor and Geopolitical futures. In this book he gives how political, social, and economic crisis in the US comes in cycles, and how the US responds. He predicts that the 2020s will be the confluence of multiple crisis and how the US will overcome it. Friedman is very bullish on America.

Brotopia: Breaking Up the Boys' Club of Silicon Valley, by Emily Chang. I attended a "meet the author" organized by our county public library, where Emily Chang talked about the book. It is a fascinating and well researched book about the bro culture in Silicon Valley and how the culture has made it hard for female entrepreneurs to raise money and start companies. 

The Long Game: China's Grand Strategy to Displace American Order (Bridging the Gap), by Rush Doshi. This was recommended by an ex-coworker. It is a good read, but I think it over estimates Chinese capability. China's deserved economic and military rise is nothing but spectacular, but China still depends on the American Order. 

The Absent Superpower: The Shale Revolution and a World Without America, by Peter Zeihan. Peter Zeihan is a geopolitical strategist who worked at Friedman's Stratfor and then founded his own firm in 2012. Zeihan has been vocally predicting the end of globalization and the eventual disinterest of the US in running global trade and security. In this book, he explains how the shale revolution is going to make North America energy independent and trigger the foreign policy changes that will make the US increasingly disinterested in running the global order that it built to fight the cold war.

Cities and the Wealth of Nations: Principles of Economic Life, by Jane Jacobs. This book was recommended to me by a classmate, when we were discussing the economics of the European Union. According to him, Jane Jacob's book gave him the insights on how the monetary union is hurting the less developed economies within the union and preventing their ability to develop. Jane Jacobs is best known for her book "The Death and Life of Great American Cities," and has been a vocal activist for a vibrant urban life and the preservation of neighborhoods. In this book she focused on how cities developed by import replacement and then using that to develop local infrastructure, suppliers, and skilled labor. Her overall point is that cities drive economic growth for regions and nations and the book described the mechanisms of that growth. In that context, Jane Jacobs explains that cities or initially under-developed countries that have their own currencies have the ability to make their exports cheaper and competitive in order to start the first phase of growth. 

Neither Civil nor Servant, Break rules to build new economies, the Philip Yeo Story, by Peh Shing Huei. This book, a biography of Philip Yeo, written in an interview style seemed like a good practical manual to read on how to build a city-state from scratch and watch the principles of Jane Jacobs' book in action. Philip Yep served in Singapore Administrative Services and held various roles overseeing and executing Singapore's economic development, science and technology research, trade, and defense. 

The Singapore Story, memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew. This is the shortened version of the first volume of the memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew, the founder and the first prime minister of the modern city state of Singapore. It is a fascinating and inspirational read. He describes his experiences during the Japanese occupation, as a leader inside the federation of Malaysia, and the eventual separation and independence of Singapore. His conviction in opposing the forces of communism and of communal intimidation is very inspirational too. 

The End of the World Is Just the Beginning: Mapping the Collapse of Globalization, by Peter Zeihan. This is Zeihan's latest book, released in May 2022. He continues his earlier narrative of the end of globalization and the beginning of a multi-polar world. Using demographic charts and maps, he goes through the major countries that he thinks will have a good time (hint: Turkey and France) in the decades to come and the ones that will struggle (hint: Germany, China, and Russia). Like Friedman, he is very bullish on the US.

Without Marx or Jesus, by Jean François Revel. I got interested in Jean François Revel's philosophy after reading his conversations with his son in "The Monk and the Philosopher". Without Marx or Jesus signaled Revel's transition from a socialist to a classical liberal and a proponent of free market. In this book, written during the height of the cold war (1971), he predicted the victory of the American system. 

History Has Begun: The Birth of a New America, by Bruno Maçães. I must admit that it was one of the harder to read books that I read this year. Not because of the language or the concepts, but because the thesis that the US is charting a new course for itself in its cultural journey, and may (will) abandon its European enlightenment roots. It was thought provoking, and left me very provoked. I agree with Maçães  that America is not in decline, but I had a hard time accepting that it is going to re-invent itself in a way that it will break from the past. 

This year, reading Zeihan, Friedman, and Maçães' books left me wondering about the coming challenges of this decade, including the technological challenges that will transform how we work, and how to get ready for that. 

My previous book lists:

2021   2020   2019     2018     2017     2016    2015    2014    2008    2007

Aurangzeb and Dara Shikoh

 A few months ago, I came across an article on Dara Shikoh that presented a common viewpoint suggesting that if he had become the Mughal Emperor, things might have turned out differently. However, my perspective on this matter is a bit more nuanced. I don't believe that Dara, or any other Indian ruler for that matter, could have thwarted the European domination of India. It was an inevitable outcome, considering even the mighty Ottoman Empire experienced decline and downfall. Mughal India's overall reluctance, along with the rest of Asia, to invest in science, technology, and scientific education during the 17th and 18th centuries would have held it back regardless. It's worth noting that while Indians were constructing the Taj Mahal, American colonists were busy establishing Harvard College, which later became Harvard University. National priorities and investments in education play a significant role in determining how a nation will develop in the future. The Mughals didn't prioritize building a strong navy, and Dara's ascension wouldn't have changed that. The Marathas made attempts in that direction, but their defeat in the third battle of Panipat put an end to those aspirations. Furthermore, religious discord in India would have continued to persist.

Instead of Dara Shikoh, I find Aurangzeb to be the tragic figure in Indian history. My perspective is influenced by the research of Sir Jadunath Sarkar on Aurangzeb's life and rule. Towards the end of his reign, Aurangzeb expressed despair with the famous phrase "Az ma ast, fasaad baqi" (after me, chaos). This sentiment echoes the well-known phrase "après moi le déluge" of Louis XV. From a character standpoint, Aurangzeb possessed qualities that one would hope to see in our politicians. He lived a simple life, refusing to accept any salary from the treasury and earning his income through calligraphy and cap-making. He was devoutly religious and avoided the indulgences that his father and grandfather were known for. He valued merit over religion or family ties when appointing individuals to positions and had Hindus serving in his military and administration. He even prohibited the practice of Sati, the Hindu tradition of burning widows on their husbands' funeral pyres, which not even Akbar had addressed. (Eventually, the British successfully banned it permanently.) Aurangzeb also harbored a vision of expanding the Mughal Empire deeper into southern India. However, his successors were unable to maintain that legacy, and the empire began to unravel by the end of his reign. That, to me, is the true tragedy.

In contrast, Dara's focus primarily revolved around spending time with mystics. He got the Upanishads translated from Sanskrit to Persian. But, unlike his three younger brothers, he lacked the experience of leading armies into battle, or govern a province of the empire. This lack of experience was a significant drawback for a medieval prince and would hurt him in the war of succession. While Dara did possess a vision for a syncretic Indian culture, he failed to envision the necessary political structure required to sustain such a culture.

If we examine the historical pattern of India, we observe two distinct aspects that fluctuate over time. On one axis, we have the fragmented versus unifying nature of the body politic, or the central governing system. The unifying periods signify when the entire subcontinent is brought together under a strong central authority. Throughout the past 2,500 years, these unifying phases amount to approximately less than 500 years in total. This includes roughly 100 years under the Mauryas, 100 years under the Guptas, 100 years under the Mughals, 100 years under British rule, and 75 years under the modern Indian republic. Conversely, the remaining 80% of the past 2,500 years comprised fragmented kingdoms and smaller empires. During the time when Ghaznavi was plundering temples in Gujarat, Rajendra Chola was raiding temples in Bengal. I won't delve into the debate on whether an imperial India or a state of warring factions is preferable; rather, I am simply stating the observations I have made.

The second aspect revolves around the dominant culture and its characteristics: whether it is rigid or flexible, imposed from the top down or developed organically. One might assume that a top-down, rigid imposition of a mono-culture on India, similar to how Chinese Han rule unified China millennia ago, would bring about unification. Aurangzeb held a rigid cultural vision, believing (understandably) that such rigidity was necessary to maintain and expand the empire. His vision of India did not accommodate a Shia-ruled Golconda. On the other hand, Dara's vision was flexible and inclusive, but his methods were unlikely to contribute to a politically and administratively stronger country. Even Ashoka the Great had to impose Buddhism as a state religion. Conversely, Sufism and Bhakti are examples of organic, grassroots movements driving cultural and social change. However, their capacity to politically unify hundreds of millions of people remains unproven.

The debate between Dara and Aurangzeb is not particularly pertinent, in the long arc of history. What truly matters is the trajectory of India's history, specifically whether it tends towards unity or fragmentation. Crucially, the basis of the unification is important. Should the unification be grounded in values of flexibility and tolerance, or should it be on the basis of a mono-culture. Aurangzeb's tragic legacy in the 18th century serves as a valuable lesson, highlighting the necessity of striking a balance between unification, tolerance, flexibility, and making appropriate investments in military strength and education. Ultimately, these factors play a vital role in shaping India's future.